Given below are six key terms from the text follow Essays

Given underneath are six key terms from the content follow Essays Given beneath are six key terms from the content followed by six sentences, each missing a word or an expression. Fill in the clear by hauling the key term that best finishes the sentence. Victor, an administrator of a group of programming engineers, works out targets and the approaches to accomplish them for every individual from the group that bring about close to home advantages for the colleagues. The given model shows the way objective hypothesis of administration viability. Albert, a ranking director, changes his administration style contingent upon the circumstance in his organization. In this way, Albert is displaying a( n) possibility way to deal with administration Keith, a group chief, inspects certain components in a circumstance before choosing a suitable dynamic style. The given model shows the standardizing choice model DuringBased on the abilities and capacities of her group, Irene settles on the measure of management or direction each colleague requires. The methodology followed by Irene is known as Situational Leadership II (SLII) Matthew, the overseeing executive of a food preparing organization, showed colossal boldness and controlled the organization in the clear when the organization endured enormous misfortunes. This is a case of emergency initiative Representative strengthening has demonstrated positive outcomes for Aries Inc. All group heads and ranking directors guarantee that workers are offered freedom to take choices. This situation is a case of proof based authority or the executives Which of coming up next is a case of possibility initiative? Wendell allocates work hours to representatives who are less skilled, while permitting his spurred colleagues to pick their own timings. Utilizing the way objective hypothesis, coordinate the most proper administration styles on the left to the possibility factors gave on the right. Participative style At the point when the confidence of representatives performing nonrepetitive undertakings should be improved Accomplishment situated style At the point when exclusive standards should be set for colleagues performing questionable and nonrepetitive errands Mandate style At the point when an errand is muddled and camaraderie should be improved Strong style At the point when an errand is disappointing, baffling, or upsetting As per the way objective hypothesis, which of coming up next is a case of a participative style of authority? Dylan frequently talks with his subordinates for their contributions before settling on choices on task assignment. Scott, a planner, has been doled out the undertaking of overhauling the design of a structure his group is chipping away at. Scott has as of late got analysis about his work and feels baffled. He has a portion of the abilities expected to achieve this undertaking, yet he comes up short on the inspiration to look for help or to finish it. As indicated by the Situational Leadership II model, Scott is in all probability a( n) _____. Baffled student Maxwell, a task chief, requests that his group choose which endeavor programming bundle to buy. He furnishes them with data on the prerequisites and the spending plan, yet he doesn't impact their choice as he confides in his group to settle on the correct decision. As per the standardizing choice model, the dynamic style utilized by Maxwell in this situation is known as _____. Agent Rostov, the proprietor of a coffeehouse, revives his store for business after an ongoing theft. A considerable lot of Rostov's staff are as yet shaken by the thievery, however Rostov gives them a motivational speech and plans to put resources into a superior security framework for the shop. This gives Rostov's workers trust and empowers them. In this situation, Rostov is driving during an emergency by _____. Showing positive thinking Sheryl realizes that demonstrating gratefulness is a successful method to help worker confidence. At the point when a normally quiet colleague, Yves, thinks of extraordinary thoughts at a gathering, she sends an email to Yves saying thanks to him for his significant information sources. Since this episode, Yves normally offers significant sources of info and criticism to Sheryl and other colleagues. In this situation, Sheryl is rehearsing _____ administration. Proof based When Jessica values Kurt's sparkled shoes and without wrinkle shirt, Kurt feels like he is being dealt with like a youngster. In spite of the fact that Jessica was told by upper administration to give positive criticism and consolation to laborers, it reverse discharges with Kurt. What administrative style ought to Jessica embrace with Kurt? Check all that apply. Jessica ought to tune in to Kurt's sources of info when he gives them, yet for the most part receive an administrative style that is low on

Airline Industry The Impact Of Deregulation -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Airline Industry The Impact Of Deregulation? Answer: Presentation The travel industry is one of the significant business that has helped in the monetary development of a country. The travel industry is the way an individual travel for delight and for any business purposes (Westcott, 2012). Today, the travel industry has gotten one of the significant wellspring of salary since it helps to be determined of installments of a country. In like manner, an interrelationship is characterized as when any business begin working with different organizations in which they have solid interrelationships and one can't be fruitful with the assistance of other. There are a few issues which are as yet not satisfactory and a country must deal with it to destroy those issues. There are likewise significant patterns that assisted the travel industry with standing on the top (Kangut, 2012). I have discovered that there are numerous variables that adversy affect this industry which must be mulled over. Rising patterns and its future effects Explorers have expressed that the cost associated with the voyaging and other extra tolls are expanding step by step which at last lessens the quantity of explorers to visit any goal. In the ongoing years, the carrier business has diminished the measure of passages and controlled their financial plans by concentrating on the sack check expenses and other many paying expenses (Kalyanaraman, 2015). Prior, the passages for voyaging were exceptionally comprehensive and they used to concentrate on the goal as opposed to concentrating on the significant expenses. In any case, today, it has more centered around cost instead of concentrating on the goal. (Elliott, 2014). Notwithstanding of the considerable number of issues, carriers industry are likewise offering a few choices which will be founded on the aggregate sum an explorer wishes to contribute and it has additionally given the simple access to abroad voyaging. The understanding among Chinese and Australian government has given guide in this industry and planned for diminishing the dreary excursion for a voyager (Cameron, 2013). Financial development The travel industry in Australia in firmly developing and has additionally added to the financial development. It has firmly developed over the most recent two decades on the grounds that the absolute number of guests is multiplied from 1992 to 2014. The all out number of global guests were 2.5 million in the year 1992 which brought about 6.7 million out of 2014. This shows the travel industry in Australia has developed with some enormous changes. The travel industry is one of the significant wellspring of pay which assists with expanding the GDP of the nation (Burkhard, 2016). There are a few changes in the Australian air terminal which made a positive effect on the explorers experience of the air terminal. The significant changes can be found in the Brisbane Airport which was engaged with a few tasks worth $3.8 billion. It planned for extending a few terminals and vehicle leaving too. Similarly, Canberra Airport is likewise redeveloping itself by presenting more food and drinks stores and overseeing kids zone so children can have a fabulous time during the interims. The administration of Australia is likewise going to put $3 billion in building the following air terminal in Sydney in mid 2020s (Narendra, 2013). Innovation upliftment There is an enormous change that can be seen in the travel industry segment and of the significant changes can be seen is the adjustments in the advancements. The innovation of cell phones has changed the entire country and today a voyager can design their outings on telephones. They are given the office to look and plan as per their prerequisites and spending plans (Glion, 2017). A few flights are accessible at modest rates which covers the 60% of the client requests and furthermore assists with producing 40% of the income. Cell phone has made the explorers to design their spontaneous outings inside a tick. A voyager simply need to pull out their telephone and get a cost and book the tickets. The message cautions and spring up messages can generally be seen on ones cell phones. I have likewise by and by encountered the utilization of cell phone to energize the travel industry (Lenior, 2016). I was intending to go to a show and I looked on it about the setting and the timings. It would have been held in New York. For whatever length of time that I was looking for all the insights about the show, there was a spring up messages and a pursuit window where trips to New York were seen that would coordinate the timings of the show too. One can book the flight immediately and go to the occasion with no putting a lot of time in looking more alternatives. Decay of the nonexclusive occasion Travel has become a pattern in the todays time. On account of the updates in the innovation, one can perceive what number of individuals are anticipating travel for a particular reasons. There can be numerous reasons as referenced underneath. Living like a neighborhood: This has given an upliftment to the individuals who have made a trip to increase customized understanding and true understanding too. Airbnb offers the types of assistance that takes the voyager from their goal to an extremely new city. They either travel for hardly any days, scarcely any weeks or barely any months and have a great time and addition heaps of encounters. Working occasion: There are numerous individuals who want to join two exercises in one for example going alongside working. This has become another pattern to work and travel. Such kind of outings is known as bleisure trip. Bleisure trips are the excursions which are performing multiple tasks in nature where you pick work alongside your cumbersome sacks. In such excursions an explorer by and large conveys PCs with them so they can utilize it whenever and complete their work alongside the outings. I for one accept that an individual should finish their work in the work put and abstain from conveying their work on the streets. Provided that an individual is associated with two errands, at that point he/she can't either appreciate the outing or would he be able to work appropriately. Ecotourism: The atmosphere changes now and again and when a voyager designs an outing, he can undoubtedly get the atmosphere refreshes. And furthermore abstain from going to imperiled goals. The voyagers plan those excursions which have the appropriate atmosphere and which meet their prerequisites too (Global condition, 2017). Interrelationships An interrelationship is the point at which a when one organization works with another organization to get the shared advantages (Weebly, 2014). Let us take a model for an occurrence, I had once visited British Museum in London. It had numerous eateries and stores around. The British Museum was connected to each one of those caf and stores which causes it to pull in tremendous number of guests towards it. They have interrelationships with those cafés and stores which made the gallery progressively fruitful. Chain of conveyance The above chart shows the interrelationships between the go-betweens that are included between an explorer and specialist co-ops. The chain of appropriation shows how a shopper gets an item. In the travel industry, inns offer bundles and make a pail of offers together and serve those bundles to the visit administrators. Later the visit administrators convey forward it to the trip specialists and those operators sell those bundles straightforwardly to the shoppers. In this way, essentially the chain of dissemination is cooperating to guarantee that the explorers get best offers and bundles to travel and have some good times. It is hard to meet the clients desire in this industry (Cook et al, 2014). Visit administrators and Travel operators These two territories are bury connected with one another. Trip specialists are those individuals who masterminds an explorers agenda. Specialists are liable for all the arrangements and offers which are given to the voyager (Education, 2013). For a model: Lunn Poly is a movement organization which targets selling trips for Kuoni which is a visit administrator. Kuoni targets giving extravagance occasions. Attractions and Transport Operators These two divisions are likewise interconnected to one another. Many vehicle offices are given by the vehicle administrators who visits the spots. They ordinarily give transport courses and cylinder courses also. They likewise make certain declarations which makes simple for the voyager to venture out starting with one area then onto the next area (Moutinho, 2011). Transport administrators and Tour administrators Transport administrator and visit administrator cooperate by offering gigantic scopes of goals with best arrangements and bundles alongside the best understanding of flights. Visit administrator deals with the visits by giving the best arrangements and transport administrators dealt with the transportation office of the explorer. For a model: First decision is a visit administrator and Thomson Airways is the vehicle administrator (Newsroom, 2015). There are for the most part 5 distinct segments inside the travel industry which are recorded beneath. Convenience: It incorporates all the lodgings and cafés where a voyager lives in. It is additionally sorted based on the star rating of the lodging and spending plan of the explorer. Occasions and meetings: It incorporates the specific gatherings and occasions that happens at better places for which a client wishes to design an excursion and go to those meetings and shows. Food and drinks: This division additionally assumes a significant job in the travel industry. This segment causes a client to eat well and stay sound in light of the fact that getting solid food while voyaging is one of the significant concern. This area guarantees that the client gets the food as indicated by their prerequisites (UKEssay, 2015). Transportation: It causes an explorer to move starting with one spot then onto the next spot with the assistance of vehicles. It gives the office of vehicles which are utilized by the client for their benefit. The travel industry benefits: This administration comprehends the interest of the clients and plans trips as indicated by their financial plan by offering the best arrangements and offers which will best suit the clients necessities (Hall, Timothy Duval, 2012). The phases of the costumer venture include six significant levels. The beneath figure shows the six phases of movement which a client faces from starting to the goal Planning Arranging is the method of drafting something and working appropriately. It is the absolute first stag

Perspective COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Perspective COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I like to do my best to keep people informed about what we are doing because I think it adds perspective and context.   I am a pretty transparent person and do not want the admissions process to seem like some kind of mystery or cloak and dagger operation. A common topic that I want to continue to elaborate on is document tracking and file processing.   When I came into the office this morning I ran some reports and can share the following information. In the 24 hours leading up to the deadline . . . Over 1,200 people submitted applications through our online system Close to 900 recommendations were submitted in our online system Several hundred emails were sent to our admission email box, many with attachments As mush as we would like to be a paperless office, we have not gotten there yet.   When documents are submitted to our system we have to print them.   A high speed printer is sitting next to my office and it has been singing its printing song all morning and will continue to do so for likely an entire week. Each application is a different length, but I guesstimate that we will be printing over 25,000 pages in the next week or so.   We do use a duplex printer in an effort to try and spare trees.   I am native of Oregon so I have much respect for forests. In an effort to process applications as soon as possible we do set up a sort of assembly line.   In a nodd to Henry Ford, the assembly line mentality helps us to get through the process more quickly than if we just worked on trying to complete one application at a time. So whats the point?   Well, a few things . . . First, you can see that with the volume of paper we are dealing with it is going to take a bit of time because we manually check each application to make sure everything is legible and complete.   This is why we ask for your patience in regard to marking your file as complete on the application site.   As stated in previous entries, it can take 10-15 business days after the deadline for us to get through this process, sometimes longer depending on individual circumstances.   Rest assured that we will work with applicants if anything appears to be out of order. Second, if you do really need to contact us about something you feel is unique about your circumstance, email is the best way.   The address is sipa_admission@columbia.edu.   If it does deal with the receipt of a singular document in our office, we may be able to help immediately, but we might also ask for your patience as the assembly line continues to complete files. In regard to this second point, I thought about a Visa card commercial I remembered seeing on T.V. Due to the power of the Internet, I found it in about one minute.   Some clever ad agency came up with a visual of the assembly line concept and how it functions in the most efficient manner. Enjoy and thanks again for your patience and understanding.

Literature And Music Have Been Mediums - 784 Words

Literature and music have been mediums for people to express themselves for thousands of years. Depending on when content is created, it reflects the time period it came from, and the issues people dealt with during the era. Not only does music and literature bring to light, injustices and conflict, it also enlightens the public on important concepts. Art and literature work hand in hand to bring to light injustice, provide entertainment, and enlighten the general public. Merriam-Webster defines literature as: â€Å" written works (such as poems, plays, and novels) that are considered to be very good and to have lasting importance†. This method of communication has been used for centuries because of its ability to accurately identify with the mass public. One of the earliest works to have an impact was Plato’s â€Å"The Republic†. A central question of the work is: â€Å"[W]hat is justice?†, in regards to politics/social experiences and how does it coin cide with happiness? The work caused readers to consider alternate viewpoints on the definition of justice and how one s actions can affect their happiness. More importantly, â€Å"The Republic† showed how unsure and lost people are on these particular issues. When pursuing an issue, it s important to take a step back and reconsider one’s approach. Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† also had a huge impact on political thought, and is arguably the most influential of political literature. Instead of dealing with political uncertainty, MachiavelliShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Robert Stam s Time And The City 886 Words   |  4 PagesBoth literature and cinema have the ability to emotionally engage its audience not just through the language and visuals but through the poetics created from it. While literature focuses on precise language and structuring, film can also make use of various mediums to build on a theme. Many of the poetic themes in both mediums, h owever, are found in their use of disunity. 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How Did Life Start - 1696 Words

How did life start? Where did humanity come from? These are some versions of questions that everyone asks themselves at some point. Of course the two main answers are; one, God created the world or two, the world today is a product of evolution. It is only natural to want to have a firm grasp on the answer. These questions are not something to simply have a quick concise answer. To get to the root of the question requires thought and time, Charles Darwin expressed his answer in the form of a book. When Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, it was a product of its time; remarkably over 150 later it is still a substantial read. To understand the jaw dropping response of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species, one must take a look at the current†¦show more content†¦The Pax Britannica was a period from 1815 to 1860, where Britain became the hegemonic power. Britain procured roughly 400 million people and broadened its geographic scope, thanks to the Royal Navy (Matzke 5). This was a time where exploration became prevalent, curiosity of the world created the need for exploratory expeditions. The expedition of the HMS Beagle laid the foundation of Darwin’s famous theory of evolution. In 1831, Charles Darwin graduates from Cambridge and he begins his five year journey upon the HMS Beagle. During this time he studies the geology and natural history of many of the world’s Southern countries. Once Darwin returns to England in 1836 he begins reviewing and cataloging his findings he collected, this marks his conception of the theory of evolution. As years pass, Darwin publishes several small series of his findings in his voyage. It wasn’t until 1858 when a British naturalist by the name of Alfred R. Wallace approached him with a theory of evolution, almost mirroring Darwin’s ideas. In 1859 Darwin publishes his ideas of natural selection and the struggle for life. Highlighting on human evolution, this throws the religious institution in a tail spin. The book crushed the biblical notion of the creation of man; however Origin was still widely read. Charles Darwin addresses his theory of evolution in several different positions in his most influential work The Origin of Species. The

Crisis Management 1 The Day After Tomorrow Free Essays

There is probably no better movie in the world to look at crisis management and Hollywood’s lack of understanding than â€Å"The Day After Tomorrow†. This movie deals with a major catastrophic event worldwide and shows viewers the alleged reaction of the American government. Although it provides interesting drama for the movie, the way the American government reacts to the crisis is not only a poor example of crisis management, but also paints an unrealistic picture of the efficiency of the government and emergency responders. We will write a custom essay sample on Crisis Management 1: The Day After Tomorrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the beginning, the movie is a bit preachy about the environment and the American government’s unwillingness to listen to the doomsayers about the coming crisis. No one from the vice president down wants to hear what the government employed climatologist has to say about the weather. The first problem with this is that the climatologist is even trying to report to the vice president. It is possible that in an extreme crisis situation, the chain of command might be broken to get more information quickly to decision-makers, but the main character does so before the crisis even hits the United States. If he had followed the chain of command, it seems more likely that crisis response teams could have begun developing scenarios for the crisis he was envisioning. Evaluating the crisis response in this movie in many ways comes down to evaluating the response to several major crises leading up to the huge global cooling event.   The first event that affects the United States is a huge weather system, so-called super storms which ground air traffic and begin causing flooding in Lower Manhattan.   At approximately the same time, we see a series of huge tornadoes devastate Los Angeles and then we see the President declare a national state of emergency. However, not a single one of these crises were handled in accordance with crisis management theory or crisis management reality as it exists today. First we will deal with the super storm and the subsequent plane crashes. The first evidence that we as viewer have of the increasing storm activity is on the flight of Jake Gyllenhaal’s character from Washington D.C. to New York for a scholar bowl competition. Sam, Gyllenhaal’s character, is supposed to be terrified of flying anyway, so when the plane hits turbulence the effect is supposed to be suspenseful. But from an emergency management point of view, it is evidence that the Federal Aviation Administration would have grounded flights long before the lightning got so bad that it was knocking planes out of the air. The movie claims several major plane crashes occur before the FAA can get planes out of the sky. This is just hogwash. After September 11, 2001, the FAA has procedures in place to scramble to get planes on the ground. Tiny airports dotting the countryside are equipped for emergency landings and after the turbulence on one flight was bad enough to activate oxygen masks, the FAA would have immediately grounded flights flying through that storm. The second major problem that the movie has with crisis management comes in the form of the flooding in Lower Manhattan. When the problem is simply a backed up sewer at a prep school, it is possible that the response would be to move the students to alternate locations in the city until the morning. However, these were high school children. There is no way that the school system would have allowed them to begin randomly moving around the city the next morning when the flooding had extended to the streets and made some roads and rail lines impassable. In addition, major flooding on an island like New York is a major crisis event. The movie depicted the beginning of the horror in New York City as just another rain storm and showed no evidence of a crisis response from city officials. Even if the sudden cold snap had been unpredictable, the rain forecast wasn’t and city officials and emergency personnel would have been preparing in one way or another before the freeze hit. This utter lack of regard for reality and crisis management strikes home again later in the movie when Sam and others have taken refuge in the library. For unknown reasons, the lone police officer in the bunch decides that it is better to encourage people to walk out of the city rather than stay in the relatively warm and dry library where they have shelter and some food. While not all police officers are trained to handle a serious crisis, the idea that this one encouraged people to give up shelter and food to being an unknown trek is completely against any crisis management theory taught in the world. He had no reason to believe that people would not be safe in the library and should have, would have kept them there. The response in Los Angeles to the tornadoes was also just ridiculous. The movie shows the country watching in horror as LA is destroyed, but no once do we hear the Federal Emergency Management Personnel begin mobilizing or calling their local counterparts or in any way reacting to the scene.   Given the nature of the disaster, FEMA officials should have been on the phone before the winds stopped mobilizing search and rescue teams immediately to secure the city and recovery teams should have been getting their alerts as well. Instead, the movie makes it appear that California was basically ignored as it was blown away. Finally, the real tragedy of the crisis approach in the movie is that the movie makers failed to realize that this type of national event would almost immediately result in martial law. Doctors would not be allowed to wait around at hospitals to see if their patients were evacuated and private ambulance companies would not be the ones emptying the hospitals of the transportable patients as the country was evacuated. And, the president would not be allowed to refuse to move out of his office. He would be taken into some kind of mobile command center, against his will if necessary, for the preservation of the country. Like any good â€Å"Die Hard† movie, â€Å"Die Hard with a Vengeance† involves bad guys and hostages. What makes this a classic crisis movie is the portion of the movie dealing with the hostages in a public elementary school in New York City. The basic plot of the movie is that Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson have to stop the bag guys and get the code to defuse the bomb in the school so that the hostages can get away.   The problem is that the bad guys have claimed that if they see anything indicating that the school is being evacuated they will use a remote detonator and set off the bomb as the children try to evacuate. This movie does some things right as far as crisis management theory goes. School personnel, including teachers, are enlisted to help emergency personnel devise a plan to evacuate the building and the bomb squad is brought in to attempt to find and defuse the bomb.   Then, it wanders away from reality and never finds its way back. Detective John McClain (Bruce Willis) runs into a father with two children at the school. Zeus Carter (Samuel L. Jackson) refuses to take no for an answer and insists on helping McClain find the bad guys. Wrong! One of the most important theories of crisis management is to minimize the risk.   The police would never let an untrained civilian get involved in the operation. If Mr. Carter insisted, he would be arrested and held until the crisis was over. The next step would be to remove the children from the location. Even though the bombers had threatened to detonate the bomb as soon as they saw any attempt to rescue the children, the first priority would have been to evacuate the children.   A large portion of crisis theory is risk management and despite the fact that we were dealing with children and the potential loss of life, those in charge of crisis management would have decided that it was better to attempt to get the children out of the building rather than leave them as sitting ducks for the bad guys to blow up at will.   The goal of the crisis management team would have been secure the building in any way possible and to prevent as much loss of life as possible. Though they would understand the potential for second guessing if something went wrong, they would have also seen the potential for the situation to simply get worse if the children were not immediately removed from the building.   While the idea of having the children sprint away from the building as fast as possible seems sound, the reality is that it would not have been tried as the potential for injury there would be great as well. Real crisis management teams would have figured out when the bomb was and gotten the children to the exits farthest from it and then attempted to put in some sort of blast shielding to minimize the danger while removing the children from the situation. Even more disturbing is the fact that the movie depicts the evacuation process as chaotic enough to allow two children to slip away from their teachers and law enforcement personnel to hide out in the school. In a real emergency, teachers would have checked and double-checked to make sure that every student was accounted for and emergency personnel would have been patrolling the building behind the evacuees to make certain that no one stayed behind. Finally, there was only a limited effort to control the news media. In a major crisis event of this type, cellular communication with the building would have been terminated in an effort to prevent word of the hostage crisis from reaching the media and in the event that the media were made aware of the crisis, strict controls would have been used to keep them quiet about the crisis, including blackmail. It is not unusual for crisis personnel to make it clear to the media in the midst of a crisis that cooperation during the crisis will lead to better access to stories once the crisis is over. And, the news media makes decisions daily when it weighs the public’s need to know against security. If the reporters were informed of the delicate nature of the situation and the potential for the loss of human life, most would have willingly gone along with a blackout of the event until after the children were safe. The problem is that real crisis management does not necessarily make for good drama. Though the conflicts in decision-making procedures exist, they are not open discussions that anyone can participate in. In a real emergency, the crisis management is left to the professionals. It’s too bad movies can’t seem to understand that. The beauty of the crisis situation in â€Å"Dawn of the Dead† is that the crisis appears quickly, but not instantly and it develops mostly over night. This crisis is also insidious in that people become infected and may not demonstrate their symptoms for several hours or even a day later. Worse yet, for crisis management teams, it is the worst type of crisis imaginable—the nature of the threat is unknown but rapidly spreading and the disbelief that we have trained into ourselves and our children works to prevent rapid response to the crisis. The plague causing the zombies in â€Å"Dawn of the Dead† has the ability to take hold and gain strength because the first few times that medical personnel run into it, they disbelieve what they are seeing. Though it is important for emergency personnel to be skeptical, they c=should be willing to act based on observable facts even when the facts make no sense. That is the major failing of the emergency response in this movie. Otherwise, the writers largely got it right. When it became clear that a major epidemic was facing the city, officials would first have warned people to remain in their homes and then, barring that would have set up emergency shelters. One of the good things about the use of emergency shelters in the movie is that they used traditional shelters like churches and a military base, an option that definitely would be considered in the event of a widespread event. The fact that before the emergency broadcasts end, they have contacted officials with the Centers for Disease Control and that the CDC is in charge on the event makes a great deal of sense. The only thing lacking would have been a stronger military presence on the streets once the state of emergency had been declared, but at least the movie attempts to explain this too when it mentions later on that the Army base has been overrun. Even more impressive than the outside response to the crisis, is the crisis management implementation that develops within the group of survivors. Though there is some initial posturing between the thief and the police officer, everyone quickly falls into roles appropriate to the situation and begins to work together to overcome their immediate needs: shelter that is safe from the threat. The opening scenes of the movie show people doing what is necessary to survive, even when it contradicts what it their normal behavior pattern, a classic observation of crisis theory. People will do what they need to do in order to survive. This is true in the killing of the zombies and even the decisions to flee their homes. Once they arrive at the mall, after the mall is secured and they have successfully risen up against the mall security guards, the group begins to settle into the realities of crisis management: they determine if they can meet their basic needs and then if there is an escape their condition. They put notes on the building roof to indicate the presence of survivors and they take up whatever pursuits help them get through the monotony of existence while the threat continues, including Steve’s incessant need for sex and the â€Å"games† of kill the zombie that they play from the mall rooftop. Finally, the group reaches the point where it must investigate the threat and determine how to handle it. The movie does a good job of showing the learning process and the impact of all the stresses on the psyche of the people involved.   The group determines to leave the mall when it becomes clear that they cannot live their indefinitely and then they begin a very crisis management approach to leaving, setting up supplies ad making their exit as defensible as possible.   The only failure in their crisis management theory is the lack of available information with regard to other safe havens. It proves to be their undoing. However, unlike the other movies I have reviewed, this one seemed to understand that theory. 1) Control or contain the threat 2) Seek Shelter 3)Seek other basic necessities. I think many other disaster movies would be more enjoyable if they could follow his pattern and stick to reality. How to cite Crisis Management 1: The Day After Tomorrow, Essay examples

The Worldwide Epidemiology

Question: Describe about The Article for Worldwide Epidemiolog. Answer: A person is said to be fat if the person have a high amount of the calories. Fat helps in keeping an individual healthy but excess fat is not good for heath. The official fattest country of Europe is the United Kingdom. In UK one out of every five adult is overweight and one in every fifteen is obese. It is estimated from the recent studies thatin the next 20 years the number of obese adult in the country will increase to 26 million people that is around seventy three percent of the total population (Jha et al. 2013pp.260-272.). The health experts say that if this continues then it will subsequently result in the rise of more than a million extra cases of type 2 Diabetes, heart disease and cancer. In the year 1994 the number of cases of Type 2 Diabetes was 1.4 million which have reach to 2.9 million in present time and it may rise to five million in the year 2025 (Krijthe et al. 2013 pp.2746-2751.). Diabetes affects over 9 percent of the global population. Previous it was called as t he adult onset Diabetes but now it is found in the young adults and even the children are also sometimes affected by the disease. Being overweight and obesity increases the chances of development of type 2 Diabetes. In this disease the amount insulin produced by the body is enough but the cells become resistant to the action of the insulin. This happens because if someone is overweight then the insides of the individual cells gets stressed. Particularly due to overeating the membranous network present inside the cells normally known as Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) gets stressed. When this ER has to process more nutrient than the capacity it can handle, an alarm is send out by the ER. This signal insist the cell to dampen down the insulin receptors on the cell surface (Kaufman et al. 2014 pp.2233-2239.). This ultimately result in the insulin resistance and as a result of that the concentration of sugar and glucose in the blood increases which is one of the sure sign of forming diabetes. Also the adipose tissue is the source of several chemical signals, cytokines and hormones to other tissues. The TNFwhich is an in flammatory cytokine, activates the NF-B pathwaythat is linked to the developing procedure of the insulin resistant (Wort et al. 2016 pp. A6592-A6592). These inflammation related cytokine found in the obese people results in the production of the smaller and fewer mitochondria than normal and thus making the body more prone to insulin resistant. The result of increase in the fat tissue is that the body secretes RBP4, this increases the insulin resistance by blocking the insulins action in the liver and muscle. Also the presence of fat in the body may cause a decrease in the level of adiponectin which acts in the opposite way of RBP4. Thus both the low level of adiponectin and high level of RBP4 increases the risk of development of Diabetes (Vieira et al 2015). Body fat cannot be reduce by cutting down on dietary fat. The dietary fat like the proteins and carbohydrate also provide energy for the body. If more calories are consumed in a day than it is used then the body converts the ex cess calories into fat. It is proved by the medical studies that high fat diets are not the direct cause of excess body fat. However the original fact is that low fat or the fat free foods can also increase overall body fat because the fats that are removed are often replaced by high amounts of carbohydrates, sugars and calories. Studies show that saturated fats may increase the total blood cholesterol and low density lipoproteins which result in the risk of type 2 Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The true fact is that not only these thing are not the only reason of increasing the body fat. The diet which are rich in animal fat like butter, red meat, eggs, packaged foods, full-fat dairy food and fried foods are also responsible for causing the diseases like type 2 Diabetes. To avoid the occurrence of these disease a diet which emphasizes the seafood, whole and plant based food like the vegetables, fruits, grains, beans, olive oil and nuts should be followed. Recent studies show that this type of diet causes many health benefits such as decreased the risk of death, cardiovascular disease and type 2 Diabetes. Many doctors also suggest the patient to follow this type of diet in their daily routine. The body fat is the main reason of Type 2 diabetes in more than 64 percent cases of diabetes in the men and 77 percent cases of diabetes in women (Chen et al. 2012 pp.228-236.). It is found that obesity has contributed in approximately more than 55 percent of the cases of type 2 diabetes.Millions of people are suffering from type 2 Diabetes and can be cured just by losing their weight. The researcher of Newcastle University have proved that the disease is caused by the accumulation of the fat in the pancreas and just by losing only one gram every day from the organ can make it possible to reverse this life limiting illness and the level of insulin production can be restored. Type 2 Diabetes can be very chronic and can lead to stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and limb amputation. New researches have also showed that even the obese people who are having the disease can reverse it. The thing that these patient have to do is that they have to make it sure that the weight loss they are going through can be sustainable for long terms and it is obvious that to this the peoples have struggle a lot.This weight loss will also make the people feel lighter and they will be physically more active. A major health promotion campaign has been undertaken by the Department of Health to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes by tackling obesity in the population of UK. The campaign has two primary approaches that include helping the patients to identify whether the people are heading towards poor health and develop Diabetes 2 by being obese or overweight and offering counselling to reduce weight in a stepwise manner. The campaign has also developed a website for supporting the campaign by providing practical advice and helpful tips for reducing their weight and measuring their waist. According to the director of the campaign Mr. Johnson, UK is officially country in the continent of Europe and this incidence is estimated to increase in the next 20 years. It is not realized by most of the people in UK that they are obese and is at a risk of developing Diabetes 2 (Dahlgren and Whitehead 2016). Therefore, the campaign aims to promote well-being and health and reduce health inequalities and this is the reason of mounting this novel initiative. The organizers of the campaign want the people to think about inching towards the development of several diseases due to obesity and take relevant steps to address them. The campaign helped the participants to explain the various adverse health effects by encouraging making changes in lifestyle that are realistic and small that will ultimately help them to maintain a balanced weight (Malik, Willett and Hu 2013). These small changes are feasible for the participants to bring about and can gradually move towards a big difference. The small steps taken by the participants helped them to improve their health by maintaining a balanced weight. The Department of Health aims to work throughout the country and organize similar campaigns to make it easy for the population to choose healthier options and stay active. Obesity is growing in UK as a lifestyle epidemic that is threatening the well-being and health of the population and inc reases the incidence of Diabetes 2. This campaign has been regarded as a breakthrough and timely step to empower the people to lose weight and prevent Diabetes 2 by making positive changes. Various organizations have come forward to develop the campaign and share ideas that will help the people and encourage them to adopt better living with healthy diets and activity. The campaign encouraged the participants to measure their waist and this is beneficial for them as more of this activity will indicate them of their lifestyle choices and the impact that could have on their health. Reference Chen, L., Magliano, D.J. and Zimmet, P.Z., 2012. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellituspresent and future perspectives. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 8(4), pp.228-236. Dahlgren, D. and Whitehead, M., 2016. European Strategies for tackling social inequalities in health: levelling up part 2.World. Jha, V., Garcia-Garcia, G., Iseki, K., Li, Z., Naicker, S., Plattner, B., Saran, R., Wang, A.Y.M. and Yang, C.W., 2013. Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. The Lancet, 382(9888), pp.260-272. Kaufman, R.J. and Malhotra, J.D., 2014. Calcium trafficking integrates endoplasmic reticulum function with mitochondrial bioenergetics. BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, 1843(10), pp.2233-2239. Krijthe, B.P., Kunst, A., Benjamin, E.J., Lip, G.Y., Franco, O.H., Hofman, A., Witteman, J.C., Stricker, B.H. and Heeringa, J., 2013. Projections on the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the European Union, from 2000 to 2060. European heart journal, 34(35), pp.2746-2751. Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), pp.13-27. Vieira, P., Castoldi, A., Aryal, P., Wellenstein, K., Yore, M., Peroni, O. and Kahn, B., 2015. CTLA4-Ig treatment improves RBP4-induced adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance triggered by MyD88, JNK, ERK and p38 pathways (IRC8P. 443). The Journal of Immunology, 194(1 Supplement), pp.129-7. Wort, J., Chung, F., Adcock, I.M., Mumby, S. and Natsuki, A., 2016. TNF Stimulates an Inflammatory Response in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HPMECs): The Role of NF-B And BET Proteins. In D26. I'M ON FIRE-INFLAMMATION IN PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE (pp. A6592-A6592). American Thoracic Society.

10 Websites and Blogs of Punctuation Protectors

10 Websites and Blogs of Punctuation Protectors 10 Websites and Blogs of Punctuation Protectors 10 Websites and Blogs of Punctuation Protectors By Mark Nichol In honor of National Punctuation Day, commemorated on September 24 (you didn’t forget, did you?), here’s a directory of Web sites documenting, usually with photographs, egregious punctuation errors. First, by the way, note that the founder of National Punctuation Day, a freelance business-newsletter writer named Jeff Rubin, sponsors a Punctuation Paragraph Contest. The only rule is that you must write one paragraph, maximum of three sentences, using these punctuation marks: apostrophe, brackets, colon, comma, dash, ellipsis, exclamation point, hyphen, parentheses, period, question mark, quotation mark, and semicolon. (You may use a punctuation mark more than once.) Send your entry to the email address at Rubin’s Web site by September 30, 2011. 1. Apostrophe Abuse Tagline: Links and visuals illustrating an orthographic pet peeve. 2. Apostrophe Catastrophes Tagline: The Worlds’ Worst. Punctuation; 3. The Apostrophe Protection Society Tagline: Examples of misuse of the apostrophe as seen by you! 4. The â€Å"Blog† of â€Å"Unnecessary† Quotation Marks Tagline: none 5. English Fail Blog Tagline: Public Butcherings of the English Language 6. The Gallery Of â€Å"Misused† Quotation Marks Tagline: none 7.GrammarBlog Tagline: Mocking poor grammar since 2007 8. The Grammar Vandal Tagline: Taking it to the streets and correcting America, one comma at a time. 9. The Great Typo Hunt Tagline: none 10. Wordsplosion Tagline: Showcasing the best of the worst of the wide world of words Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know"Owing to" vs "Due to"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Dissembled vs. Disassembled

Dissembled vs. Disassembled Dissembled vs. Disassembled Dissembled vs. Disassembled By Maeve Maddox A reader offers this interesting use of dissembled: On CNN a state department spokesperson just referred to our soldiers having dissembled some weapons in the hands of Iraqis. If what the soldiers did to the weapons was take them apart, then the word the spokesperson wanted was disassembled. If the soldiers were disguising the weapons in some way, then dissembled might work. To dissemble is to conceal the truth of a situation. Instead of lying outright, a person dissembles by putting a false appearance on things. To disassemble is to take apart. A large piece of furniture may have to be disassembled before it can be moved. The misuse of dissembled for disassembled by the State Department spokesperson is not an isolated example. Similar misuse may be found on websites offering advice and professional services. For example, a site offering paid educational services shows the segment of a teaching unit that lists ways to request help from foreign nations: Be able to request the help from foreign nations to  dissemble  the  weapons  of mass destruction. A site for a company that takes apart and removes play sets that are no longer wanted offers this information: If the play set is in good condition, [our company] will dissemble it and donate it to someone who can use it or hand it over to a donation organization which will find a person who can use it and not let it go to waste. A site offering instructions for taking a television set apart gives this warning: Safety goggles are very important. The CRT may implode while you are busy dissembling the TV or monitor. The government IRS site begins instructions for some kind of kit used in tax preparation this way: Review the sample in the following manner: 1. Dissemble the entire family pack of applications. Here are examples of the correct use of dissemble: McCain/Lieberman dissemble on AQ in Iraq Poole was as gracious as ever, but I could tell  he was dissembling. I wanted to tell him that  he was dissembling, that  dissembling  was ultimately dishonest. â€Å"I think he was dissembling to put it charitably,† said Cooper. â€Å"To imply that he didn’t know [] or that he heard it in some rumor out in the hallways, is nonsense.† Other ways to say disassemble: dismantle take apart take to pieces deconstruct break up strip down Other ways to say dissemble: dissimulate pretend feign act masquerade sham bluff posture hide one’s feelings put on a false front Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesWhat Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

Solyndra Solar Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Solyndra Solar - Term Paper Example Meanwhile, the program intends to create over 60,000 jobs for the citizens and remains the significant source of jobs for thousands of people. Despite the current bankruptcy, the program is facing, the administration claims that its investment portfolio is still effective and productive. Meanwhile, the Solyndra issues post criticism about the suitability of government in the process of funding technologies and programs. Thus, the paper will evaluate the bankruptcy issues, bailout and analysis of the Solyndra Solar in order to establish its performance in the market. Solyndra Solar Bailout The research indicates that the Solyndra has used a lot of billion dollars ineffectively due to the poor management and $535 million are direct bailout from the United State taxpayers (Cappiello, 2011). The program was handed $535 million dollars as a federal loan guarantee despite its unstable financial footing. Solyndra has applied for the federal trade regulation support in order to assist foot t he bill for the 1,100 employees that it laid off as a result of bankruptcy. Meanwhile, the administration program is supposed to use $1.5 billion to bailout the retraining for employees who had lost their jobs due to the foreign trade like competition from the cheap panels from china. ... The bailout had a lot of risk disclosure, but the company was operating at a high cash burn rate because it could not mange its expenses effectively. Meanwhile, the company had sales of $100 million in 2010 and as a result of high costs and overhead it recorded a loss of $172 million that year (Cappiello, 2011). The company had lost about half a billion dollars for three sears before it comes for the bailout money from the federal programs. The federal government gave the money to the Solyndra without evaluating the financial crisis that was affecting the company. The company was producing tubes at cost of $4 per watt output, but it made losses on them because it was charging $3.24 in the market. Meanwhile, the company spent tens of millions of the bailout money in establishing a 500 million megawatt production capacity given that its production volumes had reduced to 65 megawatts (Cappiello, 2011). The company was expected to use the bailout money to sort the sales problems, but it spent its cash to build costly production firm. Meanwhile, the Kaiser Foundation bailout the Solyndra with a total of $ 75 million that would assist the company’s situation, but the company would be paid before taxpayers get their $535 million back (Cappiello, 2011). The paying the taxpayers should follow the order of creditors due to the bankruptcy proceeding of the company. Meanwhile, the bailout assisted the company because it was almost certain to fail in case it was not bailout because the refinancing plan was rejected by the federal program. Solyndra Solar Bankruptcy The company faced various difficulties that led the company to close operations that will affect the

How Buy USA Helps Exporters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Buy USA Helps Exporters - Essay Example The website has great presence across the country with offices in almost every region. This huge nationwide presence allows businesses from any region in the US to sign up to connect with potential clients. Buy USA gives business owners in the US a great opportunity to expand their businesses and put them on the international map. This expands the market for the businesses and enables them to maximize their profits with a lot of ease. It is a US commercial Service aimed at helping businesses find potential clients and meet new partners on the international level. Companies outside the USA can also find the website very useful in locating appropriate suppliers for their goods and services. Buy USA operates in about eighty countries across the world creating a very huge market for businesses to interact and share their products and services. Apart from connecting businesses to potential clients and business partners, Buy USA provides a wide range of services to both current and potential exporters, making it one of the leading commercial services in the country. The websites contains links to other equally essential business websites such as export.gov (www.export.gov) which has numerous resources about conducting an export business, and Commercial News USA (http://www.thinkglobal.us/) which offers businesses the latest news in the international market. Both new and experienced businesses in exports can benefit a great deal from using Buy USA. With a wide range of connection in about eighty countries, established export businesses can use these connections from Buy USA to rapidly increase their operations on the international scene, while new businesses can have a good foundation to start from with a great prospect of future growth and expansion. Among the services offered to new businesses that want to start exporting i nclude provision of relevant business and legal information, business advice, and advice on international logistics. New businesses can use this information to strategically plan their entry in to the international market. Lack of information and legal huddles have been stumbling barriers for small businesses to sell their products on the international scene but the services provided by Buy USA have greatly simplified that. With offices in over one hundred cities in the country, Buy USA is dedicated to ensuring growth of small businesses through provision of information and business advice to set them off to the international market. Established businesses can also benefit from services such as the latest international news, new links to customers and business partners, legal assistance, trade show experiences among others. Using Buy USA is a great way to market your business on the international scene. Established businesses can use this easy way to market their goods and services to the outside the US and reduce their marketing expenses on physical marketing (Joshi, 2005). The website enables businesses to maximize their profits by exporting their goods and services to a ready market outside the US. Buy USA is one of the most trusted agencies helping businesses in America and its growing popularity is set to benefit so many businesses, both big and small. Buy USA serves businesses in diverse industries ranging from agricultural, service businesses, manufacturing among others. Any company can join in and locate other businesses in the same industry for partnership or business deals. Potential clients for Buy USA include small and medium enterprises who may not afford the

Working Capital Affect on Performance of Retail Industry

Working Capital Affect on Performance of Retail Industry 1.1 Introduction: The main aim of this dissertation is to study how working capital management affects the performance of retail industry. This dissertation concentrates on one of the important areas of finance the working capital management. Working capital management is the management of both the current assets and current liabilities. Management of working capital is considered as an important function for any kind of organization. Without proper management of working capital the company cant perform their day to day operations smoothly. So each organization in the industry performs several activities to manage their working capital as efficiently as possible in order to compete from each other. Companies in retail industry depends heavily on working capital for their daily operating activities and therefore it is essential for managing their working capital in order to gain profitability and also to avoid solvency. Improper management of working capital can also lead to bankrupt and there are also some retail companies in the past to explain this fact is true. The main problem and issue in working capital management it is to determine the optimum level to be maintained in the current assets and current liabilities and also to determine whether the firm should invest heavily in current assets or in fixed assets. These issues can seriously affect the profitability and liquidity of the organization and it should be carefully considered in order to compete in the industry. It is very necessary for the organization to know the level of funds to be invested in each component of the current assets such as cash, inventory, accounts receivable and marketable securities. Funds invested in current assets are generally turned back into cash in the end of the working capital cycle which is normally within one year. Therefore investing high or low in current assets affects the profitability and liquidity of the firm and it should be maintained in such a way which satisfies the exact needs of the business. It is also necessary to know how to investment these currents assets which are either by short term financing or by long term financing. For these decisions to be made efficient working capital management is essential. It has been discussed in many journals that working capital management has a direct relationship with the profitability and liquidity of the organization. Therefore managing the working capital components is very critical to maintain the firm profitability and liquidity. For example in the case of cash which the company holds if it holds more it is going to lose the profit which can be earned by investing the excess cash in current assets and if the company has low level of cash it is going to miss the business opportunities when they arrive. In the case of inventory investing more in inventory can reduce the profit if the company cant able to sell the goods quickly and also investing less in inventory can lead to loss of sales. Accounts receivable and account payable also has a huge impact on the profitability of the firm. The company credit policies have a great impact on the volume of good sold. If the firm grants a longer credit period for the customers it is going to encourage the sales which thereby increase the profit. On the other hand companys which delays the payments to their suppliers can use that cash for in some other asset and could earn from that investment. But delaying the payment should not exceed the granted period given by the suppliers otherwise the firm may lose the discounts provided by the supplier for early payments. The main objectives of this study is to, To measure the working capital management performed in retail companies and then analysing the performance of retail companies. To determine the working capital cycle for the retail company. To determine what kind of working capital policy is practiced in retail industry. To determine whether the working capital management practices really affects the profitability of the firm. The first chapter of this dissertation is the introduction which is a short description explaining the basic idea behind this research. It will give the problems and issues associated with the research topic and it also explains the aims and objectives accomplished by this research. The second chapter is the literature review which discussed the theoretical concepts in working capital management. This chapter explains the importance of working capital management, the working capital cycle and the different working capital approaches followed in different industries. It also explains the management of each of the working capital components such as cash, inventories, accounts receivable and marketable securities in detail and the objectives satisfied by managing these working capital components. In the end of this chapter the various sources which finance the working capital are discussed. The third chapter is the research methodology which explains the research methodology adopted for this dissertation. It explains what kind of research method followed in this dissertation and also shows the different data collection methods and tools used to complete the dissertation. The fourth chapter is the findings and analysis. In this chapter the performance of the retail industries is analysed and then the findings are discussed. The different analyses performed in this chapter are ratio analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. By ratio analysis the performance of the retail companies are analysed and then by correlation and regression analysis it is analysed to see whether the inventory holding days, accounts receivable days, accounts payable days and cash conversion cycle affects the return on capital employed. Finally the last chapter concludes and gives recommendation based on the results analysed. 1.0 Working Capital: Working capital is the capital which satisfies the short term financial requirements of any business enterprise. It is capital which is engaged in the operations of the business for not more than one year. Every organization whether it is profit oriented or not needs working capital for the day to day operations of the business. Managers when making investment decisions not only plans for the long term such as buying new building or machine but also considers the need to have additional current assets in the short term for any expansion of activity that the organization is planning to do. For example if the organization is planning to increase the level of production the organization needs to hold a greater level of raw materials similarly if the organization increases the sales there will be an increase in level of debtors. All these investment decisions can bring the organization to level of risk. So it is very necessary for an organization to manage this working capital effectivel y to avoid the company fall into risk (Mclaney 2006). 1.1 Importance of Working Capital Management: The management of working capital is very important for several reasons. According to Padachi (2006), working capital management is very important for the financial health of the business of any size. He also suggested that the funds invested in the working capital are high in proportion to the total assets employed. Therefore it should be managed in effective and efficient way. Also working capital management directly affects the liquidity and profitability of the firm. Therefore managing the working capital should be done in such a way that it should create a balance between the liquidity and profitability (Falope, I and Ajilote, T 2009). The main advantage of working capital management is the flexibility of it. That is it has the ability to change with the rise and fall in seasonal demands of the product or service, and with the rise and fall in economic and market conditions (Mathur, B 2003). Largay, A and Stickney, P (1980) studied the bankruptcy case of a large retail store in the year 1980. From their study they found that the bankruptcy should have occurred because of the poor cash flow from their operation during the last few years of their bankruptcy. So managing the working capital is very necessary for the survival of the business 1.2 Components of Working Capital: Working capital which is also called as current capital or circulating capital is the capital that the managers put it to work for the day to day operations of the organization. There are two important concepts in the working capital management that is the gross working capital and the net working capital. Gross working capital is the capital that includes only the current assets used in the day to day operations of the organization and net working capital is the capital which includes the current assets less the current liabilities. The components which comprise the current assets are the following, (Brigham, F and Houston. F 2007). Cash Marketable Securities Inventories Accounts Receivables These currents assets are financed using the following sources such as, Accruals Accounts Payable Short term bank loans Commercial paper etc. The degree to which an organization invests in current assets depends on several factors such as the type of business and products the organization do. For example retail companies mostly invest a lot of funds in their current assets such as inventory and they invest less in long term assets such as buying plant and equipment. But in the case of some manufacturing companies more is invested in long term assets such as machines and equipment as they are very necessary for the organization. The length of operating cycle also is an important factor. The longer the operating cycle the more is invested in the current assets. The level of uncertainty in the business also is one of the important factors. So depending upon the industry practices the organization invests more in current assets or in long term assets (Fabozzi, J 2003). . 2.0 Working capital cycle: Working capital cycle is the time taken for the capital invested by the organization turning back into cash. Generally the working capital cycle for a manufacturing business starts when the organization buys the raw materials on credit followed by working on these raw materials to produce the final goods, and selling of the finished goods. During this cycle the organization also needs to pay the creditors. As the organization sells the final product on credit, the debtors are increased and when the customers started to pay it will increase the amount of cash in the business (Myddelton, D 2000). Retailers Supplier Inventory Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Supplier Merchandise Customers Payment Payment Payment Payment Figure1: Working capital cycle of a Retail Business (Reynolds, Cuthbertson and Bell 2004) The above figure shows the general working capital cycle of a retail business and it explains how the operating process is performed in a retail business. The first stage in the operating process is where the suppliers provide the merchandise to the retailers. Large retail companies manufacture their own products under their brand name. After all the merchandise is received from the suppliers the retailers makes the store ready, and other arrangements for the received products to be sold. The products which are available to be sold become the inventory. In the next stage the customers buys the products which generates cash into the company (Reynolds, Cuthbertson and Bell 2004). 2.1 Cash Conversion Cycle: An important cycle which is embedded in the working capital cycle is the cash conversion cycle. When the organization buys raw materials from their suppliers they dont pay them immediately. They usually have a credit period contracted by the supplier and before that they need to pay. This is known as the creditors payment period. Also not all customers pay the cash immediately when they buy a product. Some buy them on credit and they should pay the certain amount within a particular period. This period which is granted by the business to the customer is known as the debtors payment period. The gap between these two periods is known as the cash conversion cycle. It is the cycle where the invested cash that is the cash invested in the suppliers turns back into cash when the customers pay the money during the debtors collection period (Arnold 2005). Raw Material Stock Period Work-in Progress Period Finished goods inventory period Debtor Collection Period Creditor Payment Period Stock Conversion Period Cash Conversion Cycle Figure2: Cash Conversion Cycle (Arnold 2005) The above figure shows the cash conversion cycle. The length of the cash conversion cycle depends on three factors, Stock conversion period Debtor collection period Creditor payment period Stock conversion period is the period where the raw material bought from the supplier are processed and converted into finished goods. Therefore the duration of a cash conversion cycle is found by, Cash conversion cycle = Stock Conversion period + Debtors collection period – Creditors payment period In an article Jose, Lancaster and Stevens (1996) suggest the importance of cash conversion cycle in the profitability and liquidity of the organization. They explained that for an aggressive approach to liquidity management the organization should reduce the cash conversion cycle by reducing their inventories and debtor collection period while increasing their creditors payment period. Managing the cash conversion cycle this way may involve tradeoffs between liquidity and profitability. If the business reduces the inventory and the debtors collection period they will lose the sales because of stock running out so early and also losing customers who usually buys in credit. Also if the firm increases the creditor collection period they will lose the discounts available for early payments and also the flexibility of pay debts in the future. So cash conversion holds an important role in maintaining the liquidity and profitability of the organization. 3.0 Working capital policy: Working capital policy is the policy made by the organization for making decisions on two important things, which are how much should the firm invest in each component of current assets and how these investments should be financed. Any business for managing their working capital efficiently should make decisions on what level of cash they should hold, what level of inventory they should maintain, what level of accounts receivable can be allowed and they should also decide whether to finance these current assets either with short term funds or with long term funds. These decisions made by the organization together make up the working capital policy (Correia et al. 2007). According to Vishnani and Shah (2007) working capital policies had a great impact on the firms performance. They suggest the importance of working capital policies for maintaining the firms liquidity and profitability. An unnecessary investment in current assets can reduce the rate of return thereby affecting the prof itability. Also it is very necessary for maintaining the liquidity for a normal running of the business. If the firm holds too much liquidity it explains that the firm is not using its funds efficiently and on the other hand if they have inadequate liquidity it will affect their credit worthiness. So it is very essential to determine the optimal level of working capital. 3.1 Permanent and Temporary Working Capital: A working capital policy is affected because of the firms varying requirements of current assets. The working capital requirements of a firm do not always remain stable through out the year and it varies from time to time. Because of the seasonal demands of some product the firm changes their level of production and holdings of inventories. Due to these conditions the currents assets in the firm also varies. But a certain amount of current assets is always maintained regularly in the business to meet the minimum day to day operations of the business to continue without any difficulties. This minimum requirement of current assets is known as the permanent working capital. On the other hand the amount which is invested in current assets due to the varying seasonal requirements is known as the temporary working capital (Van Horne, C and Wachowicz, M 2008). Amount of working capital Permanent working capital Temporary working capital Time Figure 3: Permanent and Temporary working capital (Source: Van Horne, C and Wachowicz, M 2008) Generally permanent working capital remains the same for whole year and the temporary working capital is the one which varies over time. But for some growing business the permanent working capital also rises steadily over time to meet the expansion activities of the business which is described by the figure above. 3.2 Approaches in Working Capital Policies: There are three different approaches in working capital policies and they are moderate, aggressive and conservative approaches. A firm which follows a moderate approach uses both long term and short term financing to finance their assets. The main aim of this moderate approach is to create a balance between the risk and the return. The firm which follows an aggressive approach tends to use a more of short term funds and less of long term funds to finance its current assets. Even though short term interest rates are lower than long term interest rates short term financing is more risky than long term financing because they should be paid off in a short time period. Therefore following an aggressive approach increases the risk of liquidity and it also increases the possibility of higher profits. The firm which follows a conservative approach uses a less of short term funds and more of long term funds. Therefore it reduces the liquidity risk and also the possibility to achieve higher pr ofits (Gallagher, J and Andrew, D 2007). Weinraub, J and Visscher (1998) examined the relative relationship between the aggressive and conservative approach by studying on ten different industry groups and found that each of these industries were following a unique and different working capital management polices. From their research they also found that the relatively aggressive working capital management appear to be balanced by the relatively conservative working capital management. 3.3 Factors Determining the Working Capital Requirements: Financial managers should manage their working capital in such a way that it should not be surplus or excessive. For this the managers the managers need to know the working capital requirements of the organization to make sure to provide the perfect financing. The working capital requirements of any business depends among several factors and generally some of the factors which should be considered while determining the working capital requirements are the following (Banerjee 2005), Nature of the business: The general nature of the business itself affects the working capital requirements of the business. In the case of manufacturing industry they will invest significantly in both fixed and working capital. But in other industries such as trading and financing firms invest a small amount fixed assets and a large in working capital. Some firms needs to have a large amount of inventory and debtor balances because of their nature of business. Growth and Expansion of Business: The level of investments in working capital depends upon the size of the business. The more the business expands its activity the more working capital requirement is needed. Production Cycle: Production cycle is the period where the raw materials are converted into their finished product. The longer the period to convert these raw materials into finished product the larger is the working capital. Business Cycle: The business cycle is an important factor in considering the working capital requirement. The business has to pass through a period of good times and bad times such as recession. During the good times where the business is growing the business needs to increase their working capital requirements because of the increased sales and during the bad times the business needs to reduce their working capital because of reduced sales. Production Policy: The demands of certain products are seasonal in nature. So during the peak season the working capital requirements are higher while during the off-season the working capital is kept lower. Therefore depending upon the seasonal demands of the product or service the working capital requirements varies. Credit Policy: Credit policy has a direct impact on the working capital requirements. When the business reduces the credit period it will reduces the volume of sales which leads to the reduction of working capital requirements. But when the business grants a longer credit period it encourages the sales and there by needing to increase the working capital requirements. Price Level Changes: The varying price level also affects the working capital requirements. When the price level increases the business also needs to increase their working capital to maintain their same volume of activity. Operating Efficiency: Operating efficiency is an important factor to be considered by the business. The business can maintain their working capital to a minimum level only when they are able to manage or control their operating costs and utilise their working capital efficiently. 4.0 MANAGEMENT OF CURRENT ASSETS: As discussed before working capital management is the management of both current assets and the current liabilities. The main objective of working capital management it is to maintain an optimum balance of each of the working capital components and to develop the optimum level between the current assets and the current liabilities. The optimum level is the level where a balance is created between risk and efficiency (Filbeck and Krueger, M 2005). In the following paragraphs the management of currents assets such as cash, marketable securities, inventories and accounts receivables are discussed. 4.1 Cash Management: Cash management is defined as the management of cash inflows and cash outflows. The cash flows out of the firm when the business buys goods and services from its suppliers and cash flows into the firm when the customer pays for the product they purchased. The term cash refers the cash like assets like currency, bank balances etc. The cash is often considered as non earning assets because they do not provide earnings but the cash provides safety from insolvency. Cash is very important for the day to day operations of the business and to meet the liabilities when they are due (Besley and Brigham 2005). There are several reasons for a business to hold cash (Besley and Brigham 2005), Transaction balance: Cash balance is very essential for the operations of the business. Cash is used for paying their employees wages, buying raw materials, fixed assets, and also to pay their taxes. Compensating balance: It is the minimum bank balance that the firm should maintain for the services provided by the bank such as check clearing and cash management advice. Precautionary balance: It is the cash kept as reserve by the firm because the company cannot predict the future cash flow. The amount which is kept as reserve depends upon the predictability of the cash flow. The less cash predicted the more cash balance is maintained. Speculative balance: These are cash maintained by the firm to take advantage of any profit opportunity when arises in the business. Ferreira, A and Vilela, S (2004) suggest that the level of cash holdings is positively affected by the investment opportunity and cash flows of the firm and it is negatively affected by the liquid assets, leverage and size of the firm. Firms with high investment opportunity needs to hold a high level a cash to take the benefits of the immediate opportunities available to them and also if the firm has a unpredictable cash flow the firm holds a high levels of cash. On the other hand firms which has high level of liquid assets holds low level of cash because the firm convert the liquid assets into cash when they are needed. Also firms with higher leverage that is the ability of the firm to raise debts will hold less level of cash. And at last the size of the firm affects the level of cash holdings. Large firms hold less level of cash than smaller firms because borrowing funds by smaller funds is expensive when compared to larger firms. So smaller tend to hold more cash to avoid borrowin g funds. The two main goals of cash management practices is (Fabozzi, J 2003) To have adequate cash in hand to meet the immediate needs of the firms and To receive the cash from those to owe it as early as possible and to pay the cash which the business owes as late as possible. To determine the level of investment in cash is a very important function. The firm cannot hold too much cash because of the holding cost associated with it. Holding cost is the cost that the business would have earned if the cash is invested in some form of asset. The level of investment in the cash depends upon the firms liquid assets, debt levels, and rate of return and economic conditions. There are two models used by the firms to determine the adequate level of cash needed to be maintained. One is the Baumol model which assumes that the cash is used uniformly through the period and based on this assumption the amount of cash to be maintained is measured. But by the second model which is called as Miller model assumes that the cash flow varies in an unpredictable manner and based on this assumption the amount of cash to be invested is measured. These two models help in satisfying the first goal of cash management (Fabozzi, J 2003). To achieve the second goal of cash management which is to reduce the period cash inflow and to increase the period of cash outflow, several ways are being followed. The following techniques help reduce the period of cash inflow (Shim, K and Siegel, G 2000). Lockbox System- In this system the customer instead of mailing the check to the firm send their checks to a nearby post office box which is controlled by the firms bank. The firms bank then collects the check from the post office and deposits the check. Due to this process the time the check spends in the mail and also since the bank itself receives the check it avoids the time the check spends when received by the firm and thus saves the processing time of the checks in the firm. Pre-Authorised Debits- In this system the cash is collected from customers by obtaining permission from customers to have pre authorised debits automatically charged to their bank accounts. Thereby it eliminates the time the check spends in the mail and the processing time of the check. Wire Transfer- In this system the cash is transferred quickly between banks and thus eliminates the transferring time of the cash. Wire transfers are done though computer terminal and telephone. So far we have discussed the ways to reduce the period of cash inflow. Now lets discuss the ways to increase the period of cash outflow. Zero-balance account- Zero balance account as the name suggest it requires no balance. It is an arrangement between the bank and the firm to achieve controlled disbursement which is to pay exactly what the company owes. When the check is offered to the bank the bank just transfers the money from the firms account. By this system the firm can pay the exact amount which covers the check. This system also increases the period of cash flowing out (Bragg, M 2007). Payable through drafts- Payables through drafts is similar to the checks. But a draft works in a different way. When a draft is offered to the bank the bank sends to the firms which issued the draft and waits for its approval. Only after receiving the approval from the firm the bank deposits funds into the receivers account. Due to complex procedure when using drafts it takes a long time for the amount to be transferred in to the receiver account (Shim, K and Siegel, G 2000). 4.2 Management of Marketable Securities: Management of marketable securities is just a continuation of cash management. We know that cash does not earn any return so instead of holding these cash firms just invest these cash in marketable securities for a short period of time. When the firms feel that they need some they just convert these marketable securities back into cash. Depending upon the yield curve the security earns the return. When the yield curve rises the firm gains a higher return. For example if the firm invest in a security for one year period of time then the return it would be getting is measured by (Puxty, G and Dodds 1988) R = P2 P1 + I P1 Where R is the return, P2 is the maturity value of the security, P1 is the purchase price and I is the interest paid. There are several factors which the firms consider when investing on securities and they are as follows (Chandra 2005), Safety – The most important factor which the firm consider when investing in any kind of security is safety. The firm before investing in any security first checks whether they will get back the amount invested. T-bills or the treasury bills are considered as the safest investment because the obligation are promised by the government. But investing in other securities depends upon the type of security and the issuer. Liquidity- The liquidity refers to the ability of the investor to convert the security back into cash without acquiring any loss. For a traded security a large and active secondary market ensures liquidity while a non traded security liquidity risk is high. Yield- The yield represents the return which the security is going to gain by way of interest, dividend and capital gain. Maturity- Maturity represents the expiry time of the security. The longer the maturity period the higher will be the yield. But securities like t-bills provide a fixed return when they are matured. Some of the marketable securities where the firms generally invest are the following, (Fabozzi, J 2003) Treasury Bills- These are securities issued by the US government and as a maturity period of one, three and six months. Investing in this type of security is risk free but it provides a lower rate of return. Certificates of deposits- These are debts issued by the bank in large amounts and have a maturity period up to one year. Investing in this type of security is highly risky because some times the issuer will not pay the interest and principal as promised. Commercial paper- These are debts issued by firms in large amounts and have a maturity period generally up to thirty days. Investing in this security is also risky but this risk is minimized by the back up lines of credit offered by commercial banks. Commercial paper is very attractive because of the higher returns it provides than when compared to the return provided by t-bills. Holding cash and marketable securities offers both advantage and disadvantage for a firm. The advantage is, it reduces the transaction cost because there is no need to issue security or borrow cash and holding cash or marketable securities provides opportunities to take advantage of immediate growth opportunities. The disadvantage of holding cash and marketable security is the after tax return of both cash and marketable security is considerably very l

Theory Critique – Anderson

Anderson Anonymous Graduate Student Liberty University In what proves to be a compelling presentation of the Journey to spiritual freedom, Dry. Neil T. Anderson (2000) presents his theory of how one may be liberated from negative thoughts, irrational feelings, and habitual sins in his book, The Bondage Breaker. Anderson (2000) suggests the cause of a majority of problems which are discussed within the walls of a counseling session may have roots in the supernatural. This critique will examine Andersen's theory of ways to combat the dark forces which cause spiritual conflict within the mind. Theory SummaryIn his clarification of the nature of psychological problems and mental illness, Anderson (2000) places a high emphasis on spiritual warfare; reminding the reader, â€Å"For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds† (2 Corinthians 10:4, KAVA). Anderson provides many examples of counsel whom he believes have succumbed to the deceptive tricks of Satan, explaining what may have been diagnosed as mental illness is actually spiritual oppression; or in cases of non-Christians, actual demon possession (Anderson, 2000). By drawing attention to scripture in Pall's letter to Timothy,Anderson illustrates his point: â€Å"But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons† (l Timothy 4:1, NASA). Thankfully, Anderson (2000) provides a detailed method of obtaining daily victory over the spiritual forces of darkness by outlining what Hawkins (2010) would refer to as a method of â€Å"discipleship counseling† – the seven steps to freedom in Christ. The freedom and protection which is afforded by the Christian is stressed, as well as the position of authority Christians have over the enemy.Freedom is accomplished by taking the first step of acknowledging one's dependence upon and affirming one' s identity in Christ and renouncing past or present involvement in any practice, teaching, or ritual which could be considered demonic or non-Christian in nature. Anderson (2000) further explains, not only is it important to renounce non-Christian activity, but also to recognize and renounce instances of idolatry. Additionally, forgiveness, submitting to higher authority, adopting a humble attitude, confession of sins, and finally breaking generational ruses is necessary.As every thought is taken captive and brought into alignment and obedience to Christ (I. E. II Corinthians 10:5), the deception which has caused one to live amidst shadows, shackled by the power of the enemy, may be traded for truth, grace, and a freedom in Christ (Anderson, 2000). Evaluation of Strengths and Weaknesses While readers of The Bondage Breaker may consider the handling of the subject matter controversial, depending upon their background and experience in things which occur in the spiritual realm, Anders on (2000) does well in his presentation of he influence Satan has on the thought processes of individuals.A great amount of focus is spent on encouraging readers to grasp the main objective of truly knowing their value or self-worth in Christ. Not letting one's guard down is imperative. Once the enemy is given a foothold into a person's life via a thought process, it can become overwhelmingly disabling to try to maintain a positive outlook (Anderson, 2000). In adopting the principles of The Bondage Breaker, the counselor becomes equipped to engage in spiritual warfare within the counseling arena (Anderson, 2000).Through the use of prayer, and â€Å"warfare theology' (Hawkins, 2010, slide 5), the appropriation of freedom may become a reality in the life of the counsel. Anderson (2000) references the scriptures throughout and is careful to confirm his writing with God's Word. As is it this author's opinion that God's Word is the final authority, comfort was taken in the fact Anderson was thorough in his scriptural references (Anderson, 2000). In addition, Andersen's (2000) explanation of demonic oppression was described in a way as to eliminate any sensationalism such as what may be arrayed in movies or books.Instead, Anderson presented the reality of Satin's tactics as being sly in his method of simply infiltrating peoples' thought processes. Stories shared were compelling in their ability to illustrate the workings of the enemy in that respect (Anderson, 2000). However, as compelling as most examples appeared, a weakness in Andersen's theory was that he placed much emphasis on what might be interpreted by some as â€Å"the devil made me do it† and not enough consideration that some psychological problems could be caused by environment or experiences Anderson, 2000).For example, a female client who presents with severe cognitive trauma over years of sexual abuse may not simply be suffering emotionally because of a thought introduced by the enemy, but ha s some tough issues with which to deal based on her experience. While is it true our thoughts are responsible for our natural state as evidenced by Proverbs 23:AAA: â€Å"For as he thinks within himself, so he is,† (NASA), credence must be given to what happens in the physical realm. In fact, in one of the most celebrated books of biblical literature, Job is tormented by Satan, not just in his thoughts, but physically and materially as well.Job suffered greatly. He found himself depressed, sitting in a pile of ashes. By no means was his depression a result of sin, as Job was called righteous (I. E. Ezekiel 14:14). Perhaps he was listening to the enemy's accusations, however, the catalyst for the depression were the events that Satan caused in his life. The wretched boils Job suffered were not a result of his inability to resist temptation, or reject the accusations of the enemy, as Anderson (2000) might have agreed, based on his presentation of other medical cases wrought his book.In comparison to the discussion Anderson (2000) presents regarding his client with multiple sclerosis, this author also lives with MS. While in complete agreement there are days when the disease process is made worse by thoughts induced by the enemy, the symptoms of the disease do not disappear simply because the thoughts the enemy incites are renounced. Andersen's (2000) description of relapsing-remitting MS or the type of MS where â€Å"symptoms which seem to come and go' (p. 4) are presented as being psychosomatic, or induced by the client's response to thoughts from the enemy. This author takes umbrage of Andersen's (2000) assessment and would expect a more careful understanding of the science behind the disease process in spite of his discussion of the Two-Tier Worldview in which he states â€Å"the spiritual world has no or little practical bearing on the natural world; we have practically excluded it from our understanding of reality' (p. 30). This brings up another w eakness: lack of empirical evidence for the theory.Andersen's (2000) theory may be extremely difficult to prove scientifically, therefore causing concern among the secular counselors who would be reluctant to purport any theory not backed by empirical evidence. While there is no question God is powerful enough to heal without the help of modern medicine, care should be taken not to negate the members of the medical and mental health communities whom this author believes have been granted wisdom by God to be used in the healing process.Personal Reflection and Application Having been raised in a church environment which taught members of the congregation to recognize and appreciate the existence of what may be occurring in the concentric circle of the supernatural system (Hawkins, 2010) or spiritual realm; his author was familiar with the theory presented by Anderson (2000) in The Bondage Breaker. An appreciation for the three channels of temptation about which Anderson speaks had bee n in the forefront of this writer's mind; especially the â€Å"pride of life,† as it is believed pride is the root of all sin (Anderson, 2000).Looking back over the past, there was a time when pride was an issue in this author's life, yet it was unrecognized. On a Sunday evening church service during testimony time, this then high school student sat listening to stories of friends who were praising God for ringing them out of a life filled with drugs, promiscuity, and any number of other sins. The testimony shared by this author bestowed praise to God for keeping her from all the sins which seemed to plague her friends.Pall's first letter to the Corinthian church warns, â€Å"Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall† (l Corinthians 10:12, INKS). In Just a few short weeks as a college freshman, this writer found herself in a lesbian relationship. The inability or refusal to recognize pride allowed the enemy to gain a foothold into this future counse lor's life. That foothold eventually became a stronghold. The end result was years of living in disobedience; in bondage to a lifestyle of homosexuality which obviously managed to wreak havoc on any previous connection shared between this writer and her Lord.Peace was impossible. After years of encountering the gentle wooing of the Holy Spirit, eventually, the conviction experienced was too much for this author to bear; at which time, the employment of Andersen's (2000) seven steps to freedom in Christ was set in motion: confession of sin, a willingness to renounce completely the homosexual lifestyle, repent, recognize the deception of the enemy and instead embrace God's truth, forgive, submit to God, swallow pride, experience freedom, and finally receive the blessing.The process of moving from bondage to freedom in Christ was laborious, and physically and emotionally draining. However, the end result of a happy marriage with a loving husband and beautiful daughter, as well as the k nowledge of living in right relationship with the Lord brings a peace like no other. The positional peace which once was evident when she became a Christian as a young girl, again was ruling in this author's heart as she allowed God's Word to dwell there (I. E. Colombians 3:15-16). The process of embracing the Truth became a liberating friend (Anderson, 2000).Realizing in this day of tolerance and political correctness, the subject of homosexuality may be extremely controversial; however it remains the belief of this author that one cannot pick and choose which parts of God's Word one is willing to accept as truth. One of the reasons this author seeks to become a Licensed Professional Counselor is that she hopes to eventually work with young women who are willing to shed the blinders set upon them by the enemy of their souls; who share a willingness to embrace God's truth for their lives, and escape f life of sin.As work will be done when counseling individuals in order to apply the principles set forth in The Bondage Breaker, this future counselor understands the process of sanctification is not an easy one. However, as Anderson (2000) reminds the reader, while never-ending; the rewards far outweigh the weight of the struggle. Reference Anderson, N. T. (2006). The bondage breaker (New and Expanded Edition). Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers. Hawkins, R. (2010). The contribution of Neil Anderson and discipleship counseling. Lynchburg, VA: Liberty University.